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What is OOPs concept in python?
OOPs concepts in python Introduction to Oops Concepts in Python If you are looking for OOPs concepts in Python, then you are in the right blog. Here you will get to know all about OOPs and OOPs concepts in Python. So, In Python, object-oriented programming (OOPs) is a programming paradigm that usesRead more
OOPs concepts in python
Introduction to Oops Concepts in Python
If you are looking for OOPs concepts in Python, then you are in the right blog. Here you will get to know all about OOPs and OOPs concepts in Python. So, In Python, object-oriented programming (OOPs) is a programming paradigm that uses objects and classes in programming. It aims to implement real-world entities like inheritance, polymorphisms, encapsulation, etc. in the programming. The main concept of OOPs is to bind the data and the functions that work on that together as a single unit so that no other part of the code can access this data.
Key OOPS Concepts in Python
OOPs
Class
Class is one of the oops concepts in Python, and let us understand what it means and how it works.
A class is a collection of objects. A class contains the blueprints or prototypes from which the objects are being created. It is a logical entity that contains some attributes and methods.
To understand the need for creating a class let’s consider an example, let’s say you wanted to track the number of dogs that may have different attributes like breed, age. If a list is used, the first element could be the dog’s breed while the second element could represent its age. Let’s suppose there are 100 different dogs, then how would you know which element is supposed to be which? What if you wanted to add other properties to these dogs? This lacks organization and it’s the exact need for classes.
Some points on Python class:
Class Definition Syntax:
class ClassName:
# Statement-1
.
.
.
# Statement-N
Example: Creating an empty Class in Python
# demonstrate defining
# a class
class Dog:
pass
In the above example, we have created a class named dog using the class keyword.
Objects
The object is an entity that has a state and behavior associated with it. It may be any real-world object like a mouse, keyboard, chair, table, pen, etc. Integers, strings, floating-point numbers, even arrays, and dictionaries, are all objects. More specifically, any single integer or any single string is an object. The number 12 is an object, the string “Hello, world” is an object, a list is an object that can hold other objects, and so on. You’ve been using objects all along and may not even realize it.
An object consists of :
To understand the state, behavior, and identity let us take the example of the class dog (explained above).
OOPS Concepts in Python Example: Creating an object
This will create an object named obj of the class Dog defined above. Before diving deep into objects and class let us understand some basic keywords that will we used while working with objects and classes.
The self
When we call a method of this object as myobject.method(arg1, arg2), this is automatically converted by Python into MyClass.method(myobject, arg1, arg2) – this is all the special self is about.
Note: For more information, refer to self in Python class
The __init__ method
The __init__ method is similar to constructors in C++ and Java. It is run as soon as an object of a class is instantiated. The method is useful to do any initialization you want to do with your object.
Now let us define a class and create some objects using the self and __init__ method.
Example 1: Creating a class and object with class and instance attributes
# class attribute
attr1 = “mammal”
# Instance attribute
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name
# Driver code
# Object instantiation
Rodger = Dog(“Rodger”)
Tommy = Dog(“Tommy”)
# Accessing class attributes
print(“Rodger is a {}”.format(Rodger.__class__.attr1))
print(“Tommy is also a {}”.format(Tommy.__class__.attr1))
# Accessing instance attributes
print(“My name is {}”.format(Rodger.name))
print(“My name is {}”.format(Tommy.name))
Output
Rodger is a mammal
Tommy is also a mammal
My name is Rodger
My name is Tommy
OOPS Concepts in Python Example 2: Creating Class and objects with methods
# class attribute
attr1 = “mammal”
# Instance attribute
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name
def speak(self):
print(“My name is {}”.format(self.name))
# Driver code
# Object instantiation
Rodger = Dog(“Rodger”)
Tommy = Dog(“Tommy”)
# Accessing class methods
Rodger.speak()
Tommy.speak()
Output
My name is Rodger
My name is Tommy
Note: For more information, refer Python Classes and Objects
Inheritance
Inheritance of OOPS concepts in Python is the capability of one class to derive or inherit the properties from another class. The class that derives properties is called the derived class or child class and the class from which the properties are being derived is called the base class or parent class. The benefits of inheritance are:
Types of Inheritance –
Single Inheritance:
Single-level inheritance enables a derived class to inherit characteristics from a single-parent class.
Multilevel Inheritance:
Multi-level inheritance enables a derived class to inherit properties from an immediate parent class which in turn inherits properties from his parent class.
Hierarchical Inheritance:
Hierarchical level inheritance enables more than one derived class to inherit properties from a parent class.
Multiple Inheritance:
Multiple level inheritance enables one derived class to inherit properties from more than one base class.
OOPS Concepts in Python Example: Inheritance in Python
# are called.
# parent class
class Person(object):
# __init__ is known as the constructor
def __init__(self, name, idnumber):
self.name = name
self.idnumber = idnumber
def display(self):
print(self.name)
print(self.idnumber)
def details(self):
print(“My name is {}”.format(self.name))
print(“IdNumber: {}”.format(self.idnumber))
# child class
class Employee(Person):
def __init__(self, name, idnumber, salary, post):
self.salary = salary
self.post = post
# invoking the __init__ of the parent class
Person.__init__(self, name, idnumber)
def details(self):
print(“My name is {}”.format(self.name))
print(“IdNumber: {}”.format(self.idnumber))
print(“Post: {}”.format(self.post))
# creation of an object variable or an instance
a = Employee(‘Rahul’, 886012, 200000, “Intern”)
# calling a function of the class Person using
# its instance
a.display()
a.details()
Output
Rahul
886012
My name is Rahul
IdNumber: 886012
Post: Intern
In the above article, we have created two classes i.e. Person (parent class) and Employee (Child Class). The Employee class inherits from the Person class. We can use the methods of the person class through employee class as seen in the display function in the above code. A child class can also modify the behavior of the parent class as seen through the details() method.
Note: For more information, refer to our Inheritance in Python tutorial.
Polymorphism in OOPS Concepts in Python
Polymorphism simply means having many forms. For example, we need to determine if the given species of birds fly or not, using polymorphism we can do this using a single function.
OOPS Concepts in Python Example: Polymorphism
Python3
def intro(self):
print(“There are many types of birds.”)
def flight(self):
print(“Most of the birds can fly but some cannot.”)
class sparrow(Bird):
def flight(self):
print(“Sparrows can fly.”)
class ostrich(Bird):
def flight(self):
print(“Ostriches cannot fly.”)
obj_bird = Bird()
obj_spr = sparrow()
obj_ost = ostrich()
obj_bird.intro()
obj_bird.flight()
obj_spr.intro()
obj_spr.flight()
obj_ost.intro()
obj_ost.flight()
Output
There are many types of birds.
Most of the birds can fly but some cannot.
There are many types of birds.
Sparrows can fly.
There are many types of birds.
Ostriches cannot fly.
Note: For more information, refer to our Polymorphism in Python Tutorial.
Encapsulation
Encapsulation is one of the fundamental concepts in object-oriented programming (OOP). It describes the idea of wrapping data and the methods that work on data within one unit. This puts restrictions on accessing variables and methods directly and can prevent the accidental modification of data. To prevent accidental changes, an object’s variable can only be changed by the object’s method. Those types of variables are known as private variables.
A class is an example of encapsulation as it encapsulates all the data that is member functions, variables, etc.
OOPS Concepts in Python Example: Encapsulation in Python
# demonstrate private members
# Creating a Base class
class Base:
def __init__(self):
self.a = “GeeksforGeeks”
self.__c = “GeeksforGeeks”
# Creating a derived class
class Derived(Base):
def __init__(self):
# Calling constructor of
# Base class
Base.__init__(self)
print(“Calling private member of base class: “)
print(self.__c)
# Driver code
obj1 = Base()
print(obj1.a)
# Uncommenting print(obj1.c) will
# raise an AttributeError
# Uncommenting obj2 = Derived() will
# also raise an AtrributeError as
# private member of base class
# is called inside derived class
Output
GeeksforGeeks
In the above example, we have created the c variable as the private attribute. We cannot even access this attribute directly and can’t even change its value.
Note: For more information, refer to our Encapsulation in Python Tutorial.
Data Abstraction
It hides the unnecessary code details from the user. Also, when we do not want to give out sensitive parts of our code implementation, this is where data abstraction comes in.
Data Abstraction in Python can be achieved by creating abstract classes. When using OOPs concepts in Python, it is important to understand the principles of abstraction in order to write simple and brief code.
Understanding oops concepts in python is important for developing fast and reliable programs.
Conclusion
In conclusion, implementing the “OOPs concepts in Python” is a must for developers looking to create scalable and efficient applications. By incorporating fundamental elements like as encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism into the “OOPs concepts in Python,” code becomes modular and reusable, showing an organized approach. Understanding of these concepts helps developers to design adaptable programs that prioritize safety and quick problem-solving within the framework of the “OOPs concepts in Python.”
We hope you understand all oops concepts in python. And will help you in future.
What are frequently asked question in software testing interview?
Top 25+ Software Testing Interview Questions To Know In 2024 In this Software Testing Interview Questions guide, we have compiled a list of the most often asked questions by interviewers. These questions were compiled after speaking with leading industry experts in manual and automated testing. If yRead more
Top 25+ Software Testing Interview Questions To Know In 2024
In this Software Testing Interview Questions guide, we have compiled a list of the most often asked questions by interviewers. These questions were compiled after speaking with leading industry experts in manual and automated testing. If you want to brush up on the basics of software testing, I recommend you do before proceeding with these Software Testing Interview Questions.
If you encounter any more questions during your interviews or have questions that may be useful to others, please share them in the comments section of this article.
Let’s begin this software testing interview question with beginners level questions first.
1. What are the phases involved in Software Testing Life Cycle?
Answer: The different phases involved in the software testing life cycle are:
Here, the QA team understands the requirements and identify the testable requirements
2. What are the different methods of testing?
Answer:There are three methods of software testing and they are as follows:
3. What are the different levels of testing?
Answer: There are mainly four testing levels and they are:
Basically, it starts with the Unit Testing phase and ends with Acceptance Testing.
4. What are the principles of software testing?
Software testing is governed by seven principles:
It can vary from organization to organization and also from project to project based on several factors like organization policy, software development model used (like Agile, Iterative), project timelines, team structure etc.
6. What is a test case?
A test case is nothing but a set of conditions or variables under which a tester will determine whether a system under test satisfies requirements or works correctly.
What is the difference between functional and non-functional testing?
8. What is Verification and Validation in Software Testing?
Verification: It is a static analysis technique. Here, testing is done without executing the code. Examples include – Reviews, Inspection, and walkthrough.
Validation: It is a dynamic analysis technique where testing is done by executing the code. Examples include functional and non-functional testing techniques.
In the V model, the development and QA activities are done simultaneously. There is no discrete phase called Testing, rather testing starts right from the requirement phase. The verification and validation activities go hand in hand.
9 . What is exploratory testing?
Exploratory testing means testers explore a computer program like an adventurer. They don’t follow a strict plan but try different things, like a curious detective looking for problems. This helps find mistakes that regular testing might miss, especially in tricky or new parts of the program. Testers take notes while they explore to remember what they did and what they found. It’s like exploring a new place without a map to find interesting things you wouldn’t expect! It also provides a high-level overview of the system that helps evaluate and quickly learn the software.
10. What is end-to-end testing?
End to End testing is the process of testing a software system from start to finish. The tester tests the software just like an end-user would. For example, to test a desktop software, the tester would install the software as the user would, open it, use the application as intended, and verify the behavior. Same for a web application.
There is an important difference between end-to-end testing vs. other forms of testing that are more isolated, such as unit testing. In end-to-end testing, the software is tested along with all its dependencies and integrations, such as databases, networks, file systems, and other external services.
Unit testing is the process of testing a single unit of code in an isolated manner. The unit of code can be a method, a class, or a module. Unit testing aims to focus on the smallest building blocks of code to get confidence to combine them later to produce fully functioning software.
A unit test invokes the code and verifies the result with the expected result. If the expected and actual outcomes match, then the unit test passes. Otherwise, it fails.
API stands for Application Programming Interface. It is a means of communication between two software components. An API abstracts the internal workings and complexity of a software program and allows the user of that API to solely focus on the inputs and outputs required to use it.
A test environment consists of a server/computer on which a tester runs their tests. It is different from a development machine and tries to represent the actual hardware on which the software will run; once it’s in production.
Whenever a new build of the software is released, the tester updates the test environment with the latest build and runs the regression tests suite. Once it passes, the tester moves on to testing new functionality.
A bug in software testing is like a mistake in a computer program. It’s something that the program does that it’s not supposed to do, or it doesn’t do something that it should do. Just like a spelling mistake in a book, bugs can cause the program to act weird or not work correctly. Testers find these bugs so that the programmers can fix them and make the program better.
16. State the difference between bugs and errors
Bugs and errors differ in the following ways:
17. What is a Test Plan? What does it include?
A test plan is basically a dynamic document monitored and controlled by the testing manager. The success of a testing project totally depends upon a well-written test plan document that describes software testing scope and activities. It basically serves as a blueprint that outlines the what, when, how, and more of the entire test process.
18. What is a Test Report? What does it include?
Test report is basically a document that includes a total summary of testing objectives, activities, and results. It is very much required to reflect testing results and gives an opportunity to estimate testing results quickly. It helps us to decide whether the product is ready for release or not. It also helps us determine the current status of the project and the quality of the product. A test report must include the following details:
Test Objective
Project Information
Defect
Test Summary
19. What do you mean by Test Deliverables?
Test deliverables, also known as test artifacts, are basically a list of all of the documents, tools, and other components that are given to the stakeholders of a software project during the SDLC. Test deliverables are maintained and developed in support of the test. At every phase of SDLC, there are different deliverables as given below:
Before Testing Phase
During Testing Phase
After testing Phase
20. What are different categories of debugging?
Different categories of debugging include:
21. Write some common mistakes that lead to major issues.
Some common mistakes include:
22. What is a user story?
A user story describes the user’s motivations and what they are trying to accomplish by using the software. Finally, it shows how the user uses the application. It ignores the design and implementation details. A user story aims to focus on the value provided to the end-user instead of the exact inputs they might enter and the expected output.
23. List some of the popular software testing tools/frameworks, providing a brief description of each.
24. What is usability testing?
It is a testing methodology where the end customer is asked to use the software to see if the product is easy to use, to see the customer’s perception and task time. An accurate way to finalize the customer point of view for usability is by using prototype or mock-up software during the initial stages.
25. What are the categories of defects?
There are three main categories of defects as shown in the below figure:
Conclusion:
In this guide on Software Testing Interview Questions for 2024, we addressed key topics to help you prepare for interviews in the software testing field. We’ve provided a comprehensive overview, covering everything from testing phases and techniques to advanced concepts such as API and debugging.
Understanding principles such as early testing and context-based techniques is critical. Practical factors such as bug lifecycles and test scenarios were also investigated. We introduced popular testing tools and frameworks, talked about usability testing, and identified defect categories.
What is a non primitive data type in JavaScript?
Non primitive data types in JavaScript An overview of non primitive data types in JavaScript. Non primitive data types in JavaScript mean objects that can store and control data collections. Here is an overview of the popular non-primitive data types in JavaScript. What are the data types? DaRead more
Non primitive data types in JavaScript
An overview of non primitive data types in JavaScript.
Non primitive data types in JavaScript mean objects that can store and control data collections. Here is an overview of the popular non-primitive data types in JavaScript.
What are the data types?
Data types specify the kind of information a variable is holding so that the computer knows which computations can be done. Data types do not care exactly “what” the data is, but “how” it can be used.
There are 7 primitive data types in JavaScript
There is only one non primitive data type in JavaScript
Identifying JavaScript Data Types Examples
For any of the below values, you can use the type of operator to return the data type. Try it out yourself!
const bookTitle = “The Great Gatsby”;
console.log(typeof bookTitle) // string
Non primitive data types in JavaScript
Primitive data types in javascript with Examples
const automobileMake = ‘Honda’; // string
const temperatureInDegrees = 78; // number
const serialNumber = BigInt(83784639236484625) // bigint
const isRunning = true; // boolean
const typeOfSoda = Symbol(‘Pepsi’) // symbol
const computerBrand; // undefined
Let’s take a quick look at null.
const dogBreed = null; // object
The null data type will return as type object. Some places reference this as a bug built into JavaScript that cannot be fixed because it will break code that exists today. Other sources indicate that null is closely related to an object (similar to how NaN is related to number), so it was given the object type. Either way it is important to know that while this does return object, it is a Primitive data type.
Non primitive data types in JavaScript with Examples
const employee = {
firstName: ‘John’,
lastName: ‘Smith’,
role: ‘developer’,
}; // object
const colors = [‘blue’, ‘green’, ‘purple’] // object
Let’s understand, What is Non Primitive Data Types in JavaScript?
Stored on the Memory Heap
A non-primitive data type is assigned an address as a value, which then creates a pointer to that address location in the memory heap.
Mutable
Non-primitive data types are mutable, which means when they are modified, the original copy is modified. Modifying these will not create a copy at a different address. Any direct modifications will effect the same address in the heap.
const cup = {
type: ‘plastic’,
sizeInOunces: 12,
};
const mug = cup;
mug.type = ‘glass’;
console.log(cup) // { type: “glass”, sizeInOunces: 12 }
Huh?! So what happened? Why, when we updated type of the mug object, was cup effected? This example shows mutability! Let’s take a look behind the scenes…
Dynamically Sized
Non-primitive data types can change in size. They can grow or shrink and hold multiple values.
const birds = [‘quail’, ‘parrot’];
birds.push(‘parakeet’);
console.log(birds) // [‘quail’, ‘parrot’, ‘parakeet’]
Complex Data Type
Non-primitive data types can be broken down into simpler data types.
Refer to the example under the section “Simple Data Type” of primitive values for an example of this.
Methods
Since non-primitive data types are objects, we can make use of JavaScripts built in methods to simplify our development. We can also create our own object methods by creating an object and assigning a function definition to a property.
Built-in method
const numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9];
const reversedNumbers = numbers.reverse();
console.log(reversedNumbers); // [9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1]
Custom method
const dog = {
name: ‘Jo’,
breed: ‘poodle’,
color: ‘white’,
getInformation: function() {
return ‘Name: ‘ + this.name + ‘, Breed: ‘ + this.breed + ‘, Color: ‘ + this.color;
}
}
console.log(dog.getInformation()) // “Name: Jo, Breed: poodle, Color: white”
Let’s do a quick recap of non primitive data types in JavaScript
Primitive Data Types in javascript
Non Primitive Data Types in Javascript
What are the standout features of leading web application performance testing tools, and how can businesses select the most suitable tool for their projects?
Top Performance Testing Tools Performance testing tools help to perform performance testing on the software to check the speed, reliability, response time, resource usage, and other performance metrics under the expected workload. These tools help to validate the software's basic features. We have rRead more
Top Performance Testing Tools
Performance testing tools help to perform performance testing on the software to check the speed, reliability, response time, resource usage, and other performance metrics under the expected workload. These tools help to validate the software’s basic features.
We have researched for you. Here is a list of the best web application performance and load testing tools, with a detailed comparison:
#1) WebLOAD
Enterprise-grade load and performance testing tool for web applications. WebLOAD is a tool of choice for enterprises with heavy user load and complex testing requirements. It allows you to perform load and stress testing on any internet application by generating load from the cloud and on-premises machines.
WebLOAD’s strengths are its flexibility and ease of use – enabling you to quickly define the tests you need with features like DOM-based recording/playback, automatic correlation, and JavaScript scripting language.
The tool provides a clear analysis of your web application performance, pinpointing issues and bottlenecks that may stand in the way of achieving your load and response requirements.
WebLOAD supports hundreds of technologies – from web protocols to enterprise applications and has built-in integration with Jenkins, Selenium and many other tools to enable continuous load testing for DevOps.
#2) LoadNinja
LoadNinja by SmartBear allows you to quickly create scriptless sophisticated load tests, reduces testing time by 50%, replaces load emulators with real browsers, and get actionable, browser-based metrics, all at ninja speed.
You can easily capture client-side interactions, debug in real-time, and identify performance problems immediately. LoadNinja empowers teams to increase their test coverage without sacrificing quality by removing the tedious efforts of dynamic correlation, script translation, and script scrubbing.
With LoadNinja, engineers, testers and product teams can focus more on building apps that scale and focus less on building load testing scripts.
Features:
#3) HeadSpin
HeadSpin offers the industry’s best performance testing capabilities for its users. Users can optimize their digital experience with the performance testing capabilities of the HeadSpin Platform by identifying and resolving performance issues across applications, devices, and networks.
Features:
#4) ReadyAPI Performance
SmartBear offers an all-in-one automated API Testing Platform called ReadyAPI. It contains various tools like Swagger & SwaggerHub, SoapUI NG, ReadyAPI Performance, Secure Pro, ServiceV, and AlertSite.
ReadyAPI Performance is an API tool for load testing. This API testing tool will assure you that your APIs can perform anywhere. It will let you install load agents on any server or cloud as well as on-premise. It provides advanced performance metrics for load test runs.
SoapUI NG is a tool for functional testing and you can use these functional testing use cases designed in the SOAPUI for performance testing.
This load testing tool will help you with testing the speed, scalability, and performance of the APIs, Servers, and Network Resources. It has features of flexible load generation, parallel API load tests, server monitoring, and pre-built load templates.
#5) LoadView
LoadView is a fully managed, on-demand load testing tool that allows complete hassle-free load and stress testing.
Unlike many other load testing tools, LoadView performs testing in real browsers (not headless phantom browsers), which provides extremely accurate data, closely emulating real users. You only pay for what you use and no contracts are required. LoadView is 100% cloud-based, scalable, and can be deployed in minutes.
Advanced Load Testing Features include Point and Click Scripting, Global Cloud-Based Infrastructure, Real Browser Testing
#6) Keysight’s Eggplant
Keysight’s Eggplant Software is an open, extensible, and multi-protocol performance testing solution. It is designed for new challenges. It performs end-to-end testing and can test anything and everything. It addresses technology glitches.
Eggplant Software provides the benefits of testing faster & efficiently, reducing IT costs, automating repetitive tasks, performing test maintenance at a scale, and reducing time-to-market.
Features:
#7) Apache JMeter
Open source load testing tool: It is a Java platform application. It is mainly considered as a performance testing tool and it can also be integrated with the test plan. In addition to the load test plan, you can also create a functional test plan.
This tool has the capacity to be loaded into a server or network so as to check on its performance and analyze its working under different conditions. Initially, it was introduced to test web applications, but later its scope had widened.
It is of great use in testing the functional performance of resources such as Servlets, Perl Scripts and JAVA objects. Need JVM 1.4 or higher to run.
System Requirements: It works under Unix and Windows OS
Official Website: Apache JMeter
#8) Micro Focus LoadRunner
This is a Micro Focus product which can be used as a Performance Testing tool. This can be bought as a Micro Focus product from its Micro Focus software division. Also, it is very much useful in understanding and determining the performance and outcome of the system when there is an actual load.
One of the key attractive features of this testing tool is that it can create and handle thousands of users at the same time.
This tool enables you to gather all the required information with respect to the performance and is also based on the infrastructure. LoadRunner comprises of different tools – namely, Virtual User Generator, Controller, Load Generator and Analysis.
System Requirements: Microsoft Windows and Linux are the favorable OS for this measuring tool.
#9) Rational Performance Tester
Rational performance tester is an automated performance testing tool that can be used for a web application or a server-based application where the process of input and output is involved. This tool creates a demo of the original transaction process between the user and the web service.
By the end of it, all the statistical information is gathered and they are analyzed to increase efficiency. Any leakage on the website or the server can be identified and rectified immediately with the help of this tool.
This tool can be the best option for building an effective and error-free cloud computing service. This Rational Performance tester was developed by IBM (Rational software division). They have come up with many versions of this automated testing tool.
System Requirement: Microsoft Windows and Linux AIX are good enough for this performance testing tool.
#10) NeoLoad
NeoLoad is the most automated performance testing platform for enterprise organizations that continuously test applications and APIs. NeoLoad provides testers and developers automatic test design and maintenance, the most realistic simulation of user behavior, fast root cause analysis, and built-in integrations with the entire SDLC toolchain.
NeoLoad lets you reuse and share test assets and results from functional testing tools to analytics and metrics from APM tools. NeoLoad supports a full range of mobile, web, and packaged applications, like SAP, to cover all testing needs.
Continuously schedule, manage and share test resources and results across the organization to ensure application performance.
System Requirements: This tool is compatible with operating systems like Microsoft Windows, Linux, and Solaris.
#11) LoadComplete
Easy and affordable performance testing tool. LoadComplete enables you to create and execute realistic load tests for websites and web apps. It automates creating realistic load tests by recording user interactions and simulating these actions with hundreds of virtual users either from your local computers or from the cloud.
LoadComplete helps you check your web server’s performance under a massive load, determine its robustness and estimate its scalability. It also provides detailed metrics and reports that help you gain in-depth insights into infrastructure performance, application behavior, and end-user experience.
System requirements: This tool works on 64-bit operating systems such as Windows XP Professional and Windows 7 or later.
#12) WAPT
Performance Testing tool for websites and intranet applications: WAPT refers to the Web Application Performance tool. These are the scales or analyzing tools for measuring the performance and output of any web application or web related interfaces.
These tools help us to measure the performance of any web services, web applications or any other web interfaces. With this tool, you have the advantage of testing the web application performance under different environments and different load conditions.
WAPT provides detailed information about virtual users and their output to its users during load testing. This is considered to be the most cost-effective tool for analyzing the performance of web services.
The WAPT tool can test the web application on its compatibility with the browser and operating system. It is also used for testing the compatibility with the windows application in certain cases.
WAPT System Requirement: Windows OS is required for this testing tool.
#13) Loadster
Loadster is a desktop-based advanced HTTP load testing tool. The web browser can be used to record the scripts which are easy to use and record. Using the GUI you can modify the basic script with dynamic variables to validate the response.
With control over network bandwidth, you can simulate a large virtual user base for your application stress tests.
After the test, an executed HTML report is generated for analysis. This tool is the best way to identify the performance bottlenecks in your application.
Loadster System Requirements: Windows 7/Vista/XP
#14) k6
k6 is a modern open-source load testing tool that provides an outstanding developer experience to test the performance of APIs and websites. It is a feature-rich and easy to use CLI tool with test cases written in ES5.1 JavaScript and support for HTTP/1.1, HTTP/2, and WebSocket protocols.
“Like Unit testing, for Performance” – is the motto of k6. It provides native Pass/Fail behavior for easy automation and integration into CI pipelines. Additionally, the community has built a browser recorder and converters (JMeter, Postman, Swagger/OpenAPI) to facilitate the test creation process.
k6 runs on Windows, Linux, and Mac OS.
#15) Testing Anywhere
Testing Anywhere is an automated testing tool that can be employed for testing the performance of any website, web application or any other objects. Many developers and testers make use of this tool to find out the bottlenecks in their web applications and rectify them accordingly.
It is a powerful tool that can test any application automatically. This testing tool comes along with a built-in editor which allows the users to edit the testing criteria according to their needs.
Testing Anywhere tool involves 5 simple steps to create a test. They are object recorder, advanced web recorder, SMART test recorder, Image recognition, and Editor with 385+ comments. This testing software was originally developed by San Jose-based Automation Anywhere Inc. Today, there are more than 25000 users for this product.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, when it comes to performance testing tools for web applications, there are several top contenders to consider. Each tool offers unique features and benefits, ranging from enterprise-grade solutions like WebLOAD and LoadNinja’s scriptless testing to innovative platforms like HeadSpin and ReadyAPI Performance. Additionally, open-source options like Apache JMeter and modern tools like k6 provide flexible and developer-friendly alternatives. Ultimately, the choice depends on specific project requirements and preferences, ensuring optimal performance and user satisfaction.
What are the features of OOP in Java?
Features of OOPs in java Introduction Objectoriented programming (OOP) is a popular programming paradigm used in software development. And there are multiple features of oops in java, which a programmer should know. Java is one of the most popular programming languages that adopts the OOP paradigm,Read more
Features of OOPs in java
Introduction
Objectoriented programming (OOP) is a popular programming paradigm used in software development. And there are multiple features of oops in java, which a programmer should know. Java is one of the most popular programming languages that adopts the OOP paradigm, so understanding OOP concepts is essential for any Java developer. In this article, we’ll take a look at some of the key concepts of Java OOPs and how they can help developers write better code.
Classes & objects are two key concepts in Java that need no introduction as they form the building blocks of any object oriented program or application built using the Java language. A class represents a real world entity, while an object is an instance of a class that holds its own data values. Before we discuss the features of OOPs in Java, let’s understand the fundamentals.
The fundamentals of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) includes-
OOP is based on four main pillars:
Polymorphisms can be divided into two types:
Polymorphism is one of features of oops in java
Classes:- Class is a Features of OOPs in java
Class is part of the features of OOPs in java and also A class is an essential programming concept that can be used to create multiple objects with the same behaviour, rather than writing their code multiple times. Classes are user-defined blueprints or prototypes that represent the properties or methods that are common to all objects of one type. For instance, if you were building a software program and wanted to create several objects with similar characteristics, such as a car or a house, you could use classes to define the attributes of each object. This way, you would only need to write the code once and could then easily replicate it for any additional objects, making your development process much more efficient and effective. And it is a useful feature of OOPs in Java.
Class declarations typically include the following components in this order:
A class can have either public or default access. Public classes can be accessed by any other class in the same package, while classes with default access can only be accessed by classes in the same package.
In accordance with established conventions, the class name should be written with the initial letter capitalized. This is an important detail for programmers to remember when creating classes, as it can help ensure the code is understood more easily by those who read it. Capitalizing the first letter of a class name makes it easier to recognize and differentiate between classes and other types of programming elements, such as variables and functions.
A class can only extend (subclass) one parent, which is specified by the keyword ‘extends’ followed by the name of the class’s parent (superclass). This ensures that each class has only one superclass, allowing for the inheritance of properties and methods from that particular superclass. It also helps to provide a structure for your code, as each class will be easily identifiable in terms of which parent it extends from.
The keyword ‘implements’ is followed by a comma-separated list of interfaces that the class implements, if any. It is possible for a class to implement more than one interface, thus allowing the class to access multiple functionalities and capabilities. This is useful for creating more robust and versatile applications that can be easily modified or expanded to include new features.
The class body is surrounded by a set of curly braces, { }, which serve to delineate the code associated with the class and provide structure and organization to the code.
Object:- object is a features of OOPs in java
Objects are the fundamental building blocks and features of OOPs in Java, and they represent real-world entities. In a typical Java program, you can find a variety of objects that interact with each other by calling methods. These objects are responsible for executing your code and performing all the functionalities that are visible to the viewer or user. By creating and manipulating these objects, you can achieve complex tasks with relative ease – making or using features of OOPs in Java is an incredibly powerful tool in software development. An object is typically composed of several basic components, including-
State:
State is part of above mentioned features of OOPs in java and The representation of an object is determined by its attributes, which are characteristics that give it its unique identity. These attributes reflect the properties of the object, such as its size, shape, colour, texture, and other physical qualities. In essence, the attributes help to define the object and its purpose in a given context. For example, a chair would have different attributes compared to a table due to their respective uses; while a chair might be expected to have four legs and a backrest for comfort, a table may require fewer legs and no backrest. Therefore, these attributes contribute to how the object is perceived by other people.
Behaviour:
Behaviour is part of above mentioned features of OOPs in java and also Object-oriented programming is a programming paradigm that allows for the representation of data and logic using objects that have properties and methods. It emphasises the relationships between objects as well as how an object responds to other objects, making it a powerful tool for organising complex operations. Objects are loosely coupled, meaning that changes to one object don’t necessarily require changes to be made to another object – thus allowing for more efficient code reuse and maintenance. Object-oriented programming also promotes abstract thinking, which allows developers to better comprehend complex systems by breaking them down into smaller components.
Identity:
This object has been given a distinctive name, allowing it to communicate and collaborate with other objects in its environment. This particular name enables the object to respond to messages transmitted from other objects and make requests of them in return. It also facilitates the sharing of data between the two objects in a mutually beneficial way. The unique name is essential for successful interactions between these objects, ensuring that the communication is precise and the data exchange is secure.
Method:
Methods are the ultimate time-savers, allowing us to call upon a pre-written collection of statements to handle a task without having to type out the same code over and over. In Java, these essential elements of programming are tied to a class, making them even more powerful than in languages like C, C++, and Python. With these methods, you can be sure that your task will be handled quickly and efficiently!
Encapsulation, a features of OOPs in java
Encapsulation is one of the four main features of OOPs in Java. Put simply, encapsulation helps you group related variables and methods into a single, self contained unit to make it easier for coders and users to interact with them.
One of the main advantages of encapsulation is that it allows for information hiding. By using access modifiers like ‘private’, ‘public’, and ‘protected’, developers can restrict access to certain variables or methods from the outside, making it easier to control what changes can be made and better protect data from accidental manipulation. Access modifiers also make programs more flexible; developers can change underlying data without affecting parts of the code that depend on it, simply by changing the corresponding access modifier.
Encapsulation is a feature of OOPs in Java, and to achieve encapsulation in Java, there are several methods available. These include using access modifiers, as mentioned before, as well as using inner classes, which are classes defined within another class. Inner classes allow their parent class to both control access to them and use them as part of its own structure, making them ideal for encapsulating certain features or components.
However, encapsulating data into a single object comes with its own drawbacks. For instance, too much complexity can be added when dealing with large numbers of variables and methods, making debugging difficult. Additionally, if not done carefully, encapsulating data in an object can lead to memory leaks or high memory usage due to redundant copies being created unintentionally when objects are passed around between different functions.
Inheritance, a features of OOPs in java
Inheritance is one of the key features of OOPs in java. It allows code to be reused, eliminating the need to write separate code for similar tasks. Inheritance is a programming concept that uses an “isa” relationship to indicate a parent child relationship between two classes.
In other words, when a class is derived from another, it inherits all of the parent class’s properties and behaviours. This means that the child class will have access to all of the parent class’s public and protected members. Subclasses can also override methods defined in their parent class, allowing them to customise their behaviour even further.
When using inheritance in Java, there are two important concepts to keep in mind: polymorphism and abstraction. Polymorphism allows for an object of a child class to be treated as an instance of its parent class if needed. Abstraction, on the other hand, lets developers create more general classes without needing to worry about how they are implemented at a low level.
Inheritance is a powerful tool for developers and can lead to more efficient coding practices by avoiding needless repetition of code. Keeping these key features of OOP in Java in mind can help ensure your code takes advantage of inheritance while managing complexity and improving readability.
Abstraction, a features of OOPs in java
Abstraction is an important feature of OOPs in Java that allows developers to make use of reusable code and create modular codebases. It works by encapsulating data and behaviours, hiding the details, and exposing key data members. This lets developers increase the reusability of their code by removing unnecessary details from the complex features and patterns within an application.
By utilising abstraction, developers are also given a way to maintain security and integrity with their data by hiding it from casual users. This helps protect the application’s information while still allowing experts to access it when necessary. Furthermore, real world scenarios can be implemented using abstraction principles, making even complex applications easier to work with in terms of usability.
When working with Java, abstraction is used to create interfaces that allow you to use multiple implementations without having to worry about modifying existing code or disrupting existing structures. Abstraction is a feature of OOPs in Java, so abstraction can also be used with Java’s inheritance feature in order to create powerful and reusable class libraries that help make programming projects more efficient and less time consuming. Ultimately, abstraction gives you the ability to break down complex problems into more manageable components for better usability and better organisation of your codebase.
Polymorphism, a features of OOPs in java
Have you ever heard of “Polymorphism” in the programming world? It’s one of the features of OOPs in Java that can make your work a lot easier.
At its core, polymorphism involves making classes and subclasses to help organise code and information. This helps reduce code repetition, so you can focus on solving problems faster. It also allows for overloaded functions and methods with the same name but different behaviours. This way you can use a common interface for multiple objects without having to repeat code over and over again.
Polymorphism is a feature of OOPs in Java and an extremely useful tool when it comes to writing software in Java or really any other OOP language because it allows you to write less code and work with objects more efficiently. With polymorphism, you can create complex objects that have different types and behaviours based on the data type that is being passed into them.
For instance, an overloaded function might determine what action it should take based on the type of data it receives as an argument. If a certain type of data is passed in, then the function could behave differently based on how it was programmed, allowing you to give the same name to multiple functions or methods that perform different tasks depending on the situation they are used in.
To sum things up, Polymorphism is an incredibly useful feature of OOP languages like Java and can significantly reduce your development time if used correctly. By using classes, subclasses, overloaded functions, different behaviors and a common interface for each object type, you are able to reduce repetitive code while getting more out of your software applications without too much extra effort and effort.
Interfaces, a features of OOPs in java
Interfaces are one of the main features of OOPs in Java. Interfaces are used to create abstractions for real world objects, allowing us to reuse code and combine various methods into a single interface.
Understanding the concept of interfaces is important for anyone looking to use OOP in their Java projects. Here, we will discuss the basics of interfaces, how they work, and how they relate to other concepts in OOP such as abstraction, polymorphism, and inheritance.
Abstraction is the process of representing complex objects or operations with abstract ideas or concepts. Abstraction allows us to represent objects without having to know every detail about them. An interface is an example of abstraction, as it provides an abstract representation of a class or object’s structure while hiding its implementation details.
Polymorphism enables us to treat similar objects differently based on their type. For instance, we could have a function that works on a number of different types, such as integers, floats, or strings, by utilising polymorphism. This allows us to write a single function that can be used for multiple types without requiring separate functions for each type. Interfaces also make use of polymorphism by providing a way for us to treat different classes in the same way by using an identical interface.
Inheritance enables us to define common behaviours between different classes by creating a parent class that contains those behaviours and then inheriting them into child classes so that the child classes do not have to write those behaviours again from scratch. Interfaces can also take advantage of inheritance, as classes can implement interfaces in order to make use of their inherited properties without needing additional code for each individual class that implements them.
What benefits features of OOPs in java provides.
Objectoriented programming (OOPS) is a programming paradigm that has revolutionised software development. It offers developers powerful tools to create efficient, scalable, and manageable programs quickly and easily. Java is a popular language that implements OOPS concepts, making it an extremely useful language for software developers. Let’s take a look at some of the benefits of using OOPS in Java. with all features of OOPs in java.
Encapsulation is perhaps one of the main advantages of utilising the features of OOPS in Java. This feature helps to keep the code organised, maintainable, and encapsulate data within classes, allowing only certain objects access to private variables when necessary.
Polymorphism allows developers to define behaviour or characteristics for multiple data types through parent child inheritance relationships between classes and function overloading, while abstraction enables the programmer to abstract away unnecessary details from implementers by exposing them only with public methods necessary to use an object’s features. Inheritance further simplifies development tasks by providing the ability to extend existing classes and benefit from all their features without a great deal of effort.
Java’s reusability feature allows code written once to be used many times over with little or no modifications, drastically increasing program efficiency while reducing overall time spent developing an application or system. Features of OOPs in Java also enable developers greater program simplicity and modularity, making it easier and quicker for programmers to structure their code into independent components that are easier to debug, test, and maintain in the long run.
Finally, object oriented programming in Java provides enhanced security as private methods can be restricted from being accessed by unauthorised users or entities outside the class hierarchy, allowing applications built using OOPs greater protection from malicious attacks or data leaks that may occur otherwise.
Access Modifier a features of OOPs in java
Access modifiers are a key features of OOPs in java. They allow users to determine the level of access for each class, method, and variable within a program. This helps users control the visibility and accessibility of program components to maximise security and functionality.
The most commonly used access modifier is public. With this type of modifier, objects within that scope can be accessed by any other code or class. This makes it perfect for classes within a library or other shared areas that multiple classes may need to access.
By using access modifiers, you can better control your code structure and increase its security by limiting who or what has access to certain portions of your program. You can also better organise your code by setting different levels of accessibility or visibility per class or variable, depending on who needs access to it. The use of access modifiers is an essential part of object oriented programming in Java.
Conclusion
Concluding our discussion on the features of OOPs in Java, we must emphasise the importance of understanding these elements. Inheritance, encapsulation, abstraction, polymorphism, modularity, and class hierarchies are all essential concepts that allow for code reusability and efficiency when writing software applications. Interfaces help bridge the differences between classes and other objects within the software.
By understanding and implementing these features of OOPs in Java in your programming practices, you’ll find that your code has become more efficient by being able to reuse existing code instead of having to rewrite it every time you need it. Additionally, you’ll have improved ease of maintenance due to the frameworks set up through encapsulating and abstracting parts of the code, as well as controlling access among data by using interfaces and inheritance.
Overall, the features of OOPs in Java come together to create an effective software development environment where all components are integrated in an efficient manner. Using such features appropriately can help immensely with creating user friendly software products that are optimised for performance.
We hope this article will help you understand the features of OOPs in Java.
See lessWhat is sjf scheduling program in c?
Understanding (Shortest Job First) SJF Scheduling Algorithms Introduction The operating system is responsible for scheduling a job for the processor. There are various types of algorithms used for scheduling a job to the CPU for executing these processes. (Shortest Job First) SJF Scheduling is a tRead more
Understanding (Shortest Job First) SJF Scheduling Algorithms Introduction
The operating system is responsible for scheduling a job for the processor. There are various types of algorithms used for scheduling a job to the CPU for executing these processes. (Shortest Job First) SJF Scheduling is a type of disk scheduling algorithm in the operating system in which the processor executes the job first that has the smallest execution time. In the shortest Job First algorithm, the processes are scheduled according to the burst time of these processes.
Scope
In this article, we are going to cover the following topics:
Introduction to Shortest Job First
The ‘Disk Structure in OS’ is made in such a way that there are many layers of storage blocks on the disk. And when we need to access these data from disk, we initialize a ‘request’ to the system to give us the required data. These requests are done on a large scale. So, there is a large number of input and output requests coming to the disk. The operating system manages the timetable of all these requests in a proper algorithm. This is called as “Disk Scheduling Algorithm in OS”.
This algorithm helps OS to maintain an efficient manner in which input-output requests can be managed to execute a process. There are various types of algorithms that an operating system uses for scheduling a process to the CPU. These algorithms have their own advantages and disadvantages and features. All the scheduling algorithms are useful in different conditions. The SJF (Shortest Job First) scheduling algorithm in which the CPU executes the job first has the shortest execution time. Also, the burst time is an important factor in SJF scheduling.
Burst time can be defined as the time required by the process to get executed in a millisecond. The process that has the lowest burst time of all the currently available processes, will get scheduled by the SJF algorithm and it will get executed first. Also, it is not an easy task to predict the burst of a process so, the implementation of the SJF algorithm is also not easy.
Characteristics of SJF Scheduling
Following are the characteristics of (Shortest Job First) SJF scheduling program in C.
Algorithm
The algorithm of Shortest Job First is as follows:
Types of SJF
(Shortest Job First) SJF scheduling program in C is of two types. The first one is Pre-emptive SJF and the second one is Non-Preemptive SJF. Let us see them in detail.
Pre-emptive SJF
Pre-emptive SJF is a type of scheduling algorithm in which jobs are inserted into the ready queue as soon as they arrive at the disk. The process having the shortest burst time starts to get executed first, even if the shortest burst time arrives the current burst is removed from the execution process and the job having the shortest burst time gets allocated in the CPU cycle. Suppose there are five processes in a queue and their burst time and arrival time are given below in the table.
The processes will get executed in the following steps:
Now, the average waiting time will be calculated as:
Wait time
P4= 0-0=0
P1= (3-2) + 6 =7
P2= 5-5 = 0
P5= 4-4+2 =2
P3= 15-1 = 14
The average waiting time is: 0+7+0+2+14/5 = 23/5 =4.6
Non-Preemptive SJF
In this type of scheduling algorithm, if one process is allocated for the CPU, the process sticks to the CPU until the process becomes in a waiting state or gets executed. Suppose there are 5 processes shown in the below table and they have their own burst time and average time.
Given below are the steps through which the processes get executed:
Now the average waiting time will be calculated as follows:
Wait time
P4= 0-0=0
P1= 3-2=1
P2= 9-5=4
P5= 11-4=7
P3= 15-1=14
Average Waiting Time= 0+1+4+7+14/5 = 26/5 = 5.2
3 factors to consider while solving SJF
There are some factors that are responsible for calculating the SJF algorithm. Let us see them in brief.
BURST Time
The burst time is defined as the difference between the completion time and the waiting time for a particular process.
Average waiting time
The waiting time is defined as the difference between the turnaround time and burst time of a process.
Average turnaround time
The Turn around time is defined as the time taken by a process to complete after the arrival time. Or simply we can say that turnaround time is the difference between the arrival and completion time of a process.
Code for Non-Preemptive SJF Scheduling
Let’s see an implementation of Non-Preemptive SJF Scheduling in C language:
#include<stdio.h>
int main() {
int time, burst_time[10], at[10], sum_burst_time = 0, smallest, n, i;
int sumt = 0, sumw = 0;
printf(“enter the no of processes : “);
scanf(“%d”, & n);
for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
printf(“the arrival time for process P%d : “, i + 1);
scanf(“%d”, & at[i]);
printf(“the burst time for process P%d : “, i + 1);
scanf(“%d”, & burst_time[i]);
sum_burst_time += burst_time[i];
}
burst_time[9] = 9999;
for (time = 0; time < sum_burst_time;) {
smallest = 9;
for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
if (at[i] <= time && burst_time[i] > 0 && burst_time[i] < burst_time[smallest])
smallest = i;
}
printf(“P[%d]\t|\t%d\t|\t%d\n”, smallest + 1, time + burst_time[smallest] – at[smallest], time – at[smallest]);
sumt += time + burst_time[smallest] – at[smallest];
sumw += time – at[smallest];
time += burst_time[smallest];
burst_time[smallest] = 0;
}
printf(“\n\n average waiting time = %f”, sumw * 1.0 / n);
printf(“\n\n average turnaround time = %f”, sumt * 1.0 / n);
return 0;
}
Output:
enter the no of processes: 2
the arrival time for process P1: 10
the burst time for process P1: 5
the arrival time for process P2: 6
the burst time for process P2 : 3
P[10] | -22765 | -32764
the average waiting time = -16382.000000
the average turnaround time = -11382.500000
Code for Pre-emptive SJF Scheduling
Let’s see an implementation of Pre-emptive SJF Scheduling in C language:
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int burst_time[20],p[20],waiting_time[20],tat[20],i,j,n,total=0,pos,temp;
float avg_waiting_time,avg_tat;
printf(“please enter number of process: “);
scanf(“%d”,&n);
printf(“\n enter the Burst Time:\n”);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf(“p%d:”,i+1);
scanf(“%d”,&burst_time[i]);
p[i]=i+1;
}
// from here, burst times sorted
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
pos=i;
for(j=i+1;j<n;j++)
{
if(burst_time[j]<burst_time[pos])
pos=j;
}
temp=burst_time[i];
burst_time[i]=burst_time[pos];
burst_time[pos]=temp;
temp=p[i];
p[i]=p[pos];
p[pos]=temp;
}
waiting_time[0]=0;
for(i=1;i<n;i++)
{
waiting_time[i]=0;
for(j=0;j<i;j++)
waiting_time[i]+=burst_time[j];
total+=waiting_time[i];
}
avg_waiting_time=(float)total/n;
total=0;
printf(“\nProcess\t Burst Time \tWaiting Time\tTurnaround Time”);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
tat[i]=burst_time[i]+waiting_time[i];
total+=tat[i];
printf(“\np%d\t\t %d\t\t %d\t\t\t%d”,p[i],burst_time[i],waiting_time[i],tat[i]);
}
avg_tat=(float)total/n;
printf(“\n\n the average Waiting Time=%f”,avg_waiting_time);
printf(“\n the average Turnaround Time=%f\n”,avg_tat);
}
Output:
please enter the number of processes: 2
enter the Burst Time:
p1:5
p2:6
Process Burst Time Waiting Time Turnaround Time
p1 5 0 5
p2 6 5 11
the average Waiting Time=2.500000
the average Turnaround Time=8.000000
Advantages of SJF
The following are the advantages of SJF scheduling:
Disadvantages of SJF
The following are the disadvantages of the SJF algorithm:
To learn more about various scheduling algorithm in operating system click here Scheduling Algorithm in OS
Conclusion
The Shortest Job First (SJF) scheduling algorithm used in this C software efficiently prioritizes tasks based on their burst times, reducing average waiting and turnaround times. The method optimizes resource utilization and system performance by selecting the next shortest job. Through this implementation, we demonstrated SJF’s usefulness in improving scheduling efficiency, particularly in cases with varied execution times. This curriculum emphasizes the necessity of choosing proper scheduling algorithms to match specific system needs, resulting in improved task execution and overall system performance.
What are the common PHP Interview Questions for Freshers in 2024?
Top 25+ PHP Interview Questions for Freshers Introduction Are you going to start your career as a PHP developer? Great, you've decided to work with a programming language that runs roughly 80% of the world's top ten websites, including Facebook, WordPress, Wikipedia, Etsy, and Pinterest. Read more
Top 25+ PHP Interview Questions for Freshers
Introduction
Are you going to start your career as a PHP developer? Great, you’ve decided to work with a programming language that runs roughly 80% of the world’s top ten websites, including Facebook, WordPress, Wikipedia, Etsy, and Pinterest.
Interestingly, it is one of the most extensively used server-side languages, and has been for the past 25 years. Despite its long history, demand for PHP has remained high. According to the US Bureau of Labor Statistics, there will be a 15% growth in web development positions, including PHP positions, by 2026.
That being stated, one of the first steps in landing a job as a PHP developer is to prepare for the interview. To that purpose, we’ve made a list of Top PHP interview questions that hiring managers are likely to ask to assess your knowledge and skills.
Let’s read about it –
This PHP interview question tests the candidate’s basic understanding of PHP.
This PHP interview question assesses the candidate’s understanding of server-side and client-side scripting languages.
This question evaluates the candidate’s knowledge of advanced PHP concepts.
This question tests the candidate’s understanding of file inclusion in PHP and error handling.
This question assesses the candidate’s knowledge of handling variables in PHP.
This question evaluates the candidate’s understanding of managing user data in PHP.
This question tests the candidate’s understanding of loop constructs in PHP.
This question assesses the candidate’s knowledge of database interaction in PHP.
This question evaluates the candidate’s understanding of organizing code and avoiding naming conflicts in PHP.
This question assesses the candidate’s knowledge of database connectivity and the differences between PHP database extensions.
This question tests the candidate’s understanding of security measures in PHP, specifically regarding input/output sanitization.
This question evaluates the candidate’s knowledge of PHP autoloaders and their role in class loading and code organization.
This question tests the candidate’s understanding of comparison operators and type coercion in PHP.
This question assesses the candidate’s knowledge of error handling techniques and best practices in PHP.
15. What are traits in PHP? How do they differ from classes and interfaces?
This question evaluates the candidate’s understanding of code reusability and composition in PHP.
This question assesses the candidate’s understanding of PHP’s strengths and weaknesses, as well as their ability to evaluate technology choices.
Answer:
This question evaluates the candidate’s understanding of object-oriented programming (OOP) principles in PHP.
Answer:
This question evaluates the candidate’s understanding of middleware and its role in web application development using PHP frameworks.
Answer:
This question assesses the candidate’s understanding of trait composition and conflict resolution in PHP.
Answer:
This question assesses the candidate’s understanding of trait composition and conflict resolution in PHP.
This question evaluates the candidate’s awareness of coding standards and best practices in the PHP community.
This question assesses the candidate’s understanding of session management in PHP web applications.
This question evaluates the candidate’s knowledge of PHP’s built-in libraries and their utility in development.
This question assesses the candidate’s understanding of software design patterns and dependency management techniques in PHP.
Conclusion,
Mastering PHP is not just about understanding its syntax and basic concepts but also about being able to apply that knowledge effectively in real-world scenarios. By thoroughly reviewing and understanding the top 25 PHP interview questions outlined in this guide, you’ll not only boost your confidence but also demonstrate your proficiency in PHP to potential employers.
Remember, preparation is key when it comes to job interviews, and by investing the time to study and practice these questions, you’ll be better equipped to tackle any challenge that comes your way during the interview process. Whether you’re a seasoned PHP developer looking for new opportunities or just starting your journey in the world of web development, these interview questions serve as a valuable resource to help you stand out from the competition and land your dream job.
What is Association in Java with Examples?
Association in java Introduction to Association in Java Are you interested in learning the basics of association in Java? This concept is a great way to represent the relationship between two classes. Association in Java has several types, including one to one relationships. In this blog section, weRead more
Association in java
Introduction to Association in Java
Are you interested in learning the basics of association in Java? This concept is a great way to represent the relationship between two classes. Association in Java has several types, including one to one relationships. In this blog section, we will go into further detail about association in Java and the various types involved.
To begin, let’s start with defining what association in Java is. Simply put, it’s the relationship that exists between two classes. This connection allows them to coordinate with each other and exchange information. For example, one class might contain information about a customer and another class might contain details about an order placed by that customer.
In terms of types of associations in Java, one of the most common ones is the onetoone relationship. In this type of relationship, a single instance of one class is associated with a single instance of another class. For example, if you have an Order class and a Customer class, there could be an instance where each order has only one associated customer.
If you are looking for more than just a basic introduction to association in Java, there are plenty of resources online that can help you to learn more about it. From tutorials to detailed explanations on specific topics such as polymorphism or composition, there is something out there for everyone who wants to learn more about this topic.
Understanding association in Java can be beneficial for anyone who wants to develop better software applications or programming projects. By utilizing this concept correctly and appropriately within your codebase, you can create efficient structures that adhere to industry standards and make debugging easier in the long run. So don’t forget to explore your options when it comes to learning all about association in Java!
Types of Associations in Java
When learning Java, it’s important to understand the different types of associations available. To help you understand what each type means and how they differ from one another, we’ve broken down the basics of association in Java.
An association is a relationship between two distinct classes which establishes through their objects. A class describes the structure of an object that can exist in a program, while an object is an instance of a class that has been created at runtime. Associations are classified according to the type of connection they represent between classes and objects.
The first type of association is aggregation, where objects have their own lifecycle and existence but there exists an ownership or part of relationship between them. This means that one object can belong to, or be part of, another object. Aggregation also allows for unidirectional associations: which is when a single directional connection exists between two classes or objects – typically only one object can be aware of the other at any time.
The second type of association is composition, where an object’s existence depends on its parent class or object existing. In this case, the partof or ownership relationship between two objects is much stronger than with aggregation – once the parent class/object has been destroyed, so too are all associated “child” classes/objects dependent upon it for their existence. Composition also allows for bidirectional associations: this means that two classes/objects can both be aware of each other at any given moment and work together as needed to fulfill its purpose within a program.
Advantages of Association in Java
Association in Java is a powerful concept for object oriented programming that can have many advantages for developers. An association establishes a relationship between two classes, allowing objects to interact and reference each other. This type of relationship has many distinct advantages, such as improving code reuse and maintenance, data encapsulation and abstraction, and composition and aggregation.
With Java’s class relationship feature, developers can create instances of one class within another class. Because the instances are linked to the parent class, objects can interact with each other in various ways without having to create or refer to different classes individually. This simplifies programming by allowing complex interactions between objects while keeping the code organized and easy to read.
Java’s object interaction feature also helps improve code reuse and maintenance by allowing objects from one class to access data from another. For example, if you create a MyCar class containing information about your car such as model, engine size, color and other characteristics, you can easily access this data from any other class that contains an instance of your car object. This allows you to keep related data grouped together in one place rather than needing to update several different classes whenever there’s a change.
Composition and aggregation provide additional advantages for association in Java by allowing developers to group related objects into larger packages which can be used as components within programs or libraries. By grouping components together into packages like this the program can be easier to understand when all related code is kept in one place rather than spread across multiple classes or libraries. Additionally, these packages allow code reuse since they contain repeating elements that only need to be written once before they can be reused throughout the entire program without having to duplicate code every time.
Examples of Association in Java
Understanding association in Java is essential to programming with object oriented concepts. Association involves the relationship between classes, and it is important to be familiar with the different types of association that may be used in Java.
The two main types of association are unidirectional and bidirectional. Unidirectional association refers to a relationship where one class knows about another, but not vice versa. In this type of association, one class holds a reference to another class and has access to its fields or methods. An example of unidirectional association is when a customer class has access to an order class; the customer knows about the order, but the order does not know about the customer.
Bidirectional association, on the other hand, is a relation between two classes where each knows about one another. In this type of relationship, there is mutual knowledge between two
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classes that enable them to access each other’s fields and methods. An example of bidirectional association would be when a teacher class has access to student objects and vice versa; both the teacher and student can call methods on each other’s objects.
It’s important for any Java programmer to understand these concepts because they are essential for constructing complex programs with object oriented principles. Understanding how associations work will help you create intuitive designs that accurately reflect real world scenarios in your code.
How to Implement Association in Java
Association in Java is a powerful tool for creating object relationships and storing data within applications. As a Java programmer, it’s important to understand the fundamentals of association in order to effectively use it when developing applications. This article will provide an overview of how to implement association in Java, including object relationships, classes and objects, composition/aggregation, bidirectional associations, examples and code samples, cascade types, persistence layers and mapping schemes.
When working with association in Java, it’s important to comprehend object relationships first. This can be done through classes and objects. Classes are the blueprints for objects which will contain the logic for managing their data and behavior. Objects are created from these classes and serve as the functional entities which interact with one another through associations formed from methods or variables within the class hierarchy.
Composition/Aggregation is a form of association where an object is composed of other objects or external entities that work as an aggregate component (e.g., a car can be composed of wheels). On the other hand, a bidirectional association is one where two objects are related to each other such that they interact on both sides (e.g., if two students belong to the same class).
In order to illustrate how these concepts are implemented in Java code, here is an example showing how composition/aggregation is used:
// Create an instance of Car class
Car myCar = new Car();
// Create an instance of Wheel class
Wheel wheel1 = new Wheel();
// Add wheel1 instance to myCar’s wheels array list
myCar.addWheels(wheel1);
Use Cases for Implementing Association in Java
Implementing association in Java is a great way to take advantage of the ObjectOriented programming (OOP) capabilities that the language has to offer. By understanding and leveraging the various class relationships available in Java, your code can become more efficient and maintainable.
One of the most common ways to create an association between two classes is via a OnetoMany relationship, which is when one object can relate to multiple other objects. This is commonly used in situations such as a customer having multiple orders, or an order having multiple items, where one object type has a relationship with many of another object. This can be reinforced through the use of composition or aggregation, which allows for objects to be created within each other and access their properties easily.
Similarly, ManytoMany relationships are also important for certain scenarios. For example, when you have multiple users who all have access to multiple applications. This relationship type allows for a bidirectional pathway between two distinct collections of objects.
Inheritance is another powerful way that you can use association in Java programming. This highlevel structure makes it easier to define parent classes and their related child classes with certain attributes that are inherited from the parent class itself. By making use of inheritance, code becomes easier to maintain because it removes redundancy from the equation.
Overall, association plays an important role in creating efficient and maintainable code in Java programming environments. By understanding how OneToMany, ManyToMany, Composition/Aggregation and Inheritance work together within OOP paradigms, you can create complex solutions with minimal effort.
Best Practices for Using Association in Java
When it comes to developing software solutions in Java, the use of associations plays a crucial role in establishing or maintaining relationships between objects. Associations are object relationships that exist between two object instances, allowing for data exchanges between them. As a developer, it’s important to understand the different types of associations and best practices for using them in your application.
In Java, there are three main types of associations: aggregation, composition and strong association. Aggregation is a type of relationship where one object contains another as a part – think of a school and its students. The school is the “parent” entity, while the students compose an aggregation with which it is associated. Composition is another type of association which indicates that an object contains another implicitly – think of a car and its wheels; the car needs the wheels to function but they themselves are not complete entities outside of their association with the car.
Finally, there is strong association – this occurs when one class describes another by providing information about how they interact. This type of relationship typically requires constructor injection or setter/getter injection in order to maintain consistent communication between classes. Additionally, using naming conventions for each class can help convey their purpose and make them easier for other developers to read when working on the same project.
By understanding how associations can be used within Java applications, you can create software solutions that are loosely coupled and highly organized. Creating strong associations among your classes through constructor injection or setter/getter injection allows you to effectively organize data and keep your codebase from becoming convoluted. Additionally, following best practices such as utilizing proper naming conventions will make it significantly easier for other developers to read your code when they need to review.
Conclusion
When it comes to Java programming, associations are an important concept to understand. Associations establish a relationship between classes and there are different types of associations. In this piece, we’ll talk about the different types of associations and their benefits.
The first type of association is unidirectional association which involves one way communication. This is helpful when you need to provide access from fields in one class to another without any circular dependencies resulting from the two objects being connected both ways.
The second type of association is bidirectional association, which involves two way communication between two classes using references. This helps when you want both objects to be able to access each other’s properties or methods without making unnecessary copies of the same data.
In addition, associations can be one to one or many to many relationships depending on how the data is structured. For example, a one to one relationship might exist between a student and teacher while a many to many relationship might exist between students and courses they are taking.
To conclude, when writing Java code, understanding the different types of associations and their respective benefits will be key in building efficient applications with clear references between different classes and objects. This will help make your code more organized and easier to read for anyone who may be skimming it later on.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is Association in Java?
The Association is a construct that allows for managing relationships between objects, ranging from one-to-one, one-to-many, and many-to-many. In Java, the multiplicity of these connections can be established through the Association and defined precisely. This process of communication between objects makes it possible for them to access and use the services and functionalities provided by the other object. In essence, it is a way of allowing objects to interact with each other in order to create a desired result.
What is the difference between aggregation and Association in Java?
Aggregation and Association are two terms that relate to the relationship between objects in object-oriented programming. An aggregation is an association where one object owns or contains another, while an association describes the existence of a relationship between two or more objects, even if there isn’t ownership.
Aggregation: Aggregation defines a relation between two classes where one class contains another as its member. The containing class can exist without being contained and doesn’t need to know about the details of how it is contained by the other class. For example, consider a university which can contain many departments. Here University is a container which has access to multiple department and all their data without needing any additional knowledge on each department, they just call them when needed.
Association: Association describes a relationship between two separate objects that have their own lifetimes and identities (the entities). It helps define multiplicities such as one-to-one ,one-to-many etc.. Associations describe bi-directional relationships – for example an employee belongs to many departments but at the same time departments also contain many employees In java this association could be represented with foreign key constraints mapping from Employee table columns to Department table columns .
What is Association in object oriented programming?
Association is a relationship between two distinct classes that is established through their objects. For instance, in Object-Oriented Programming, one object may communicate with another to take advantage of the services and functionality it provides. This kind of association can take on a variety of forms, including one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-one, and many-to-many. One example of such an association could be where an online store’s customer database object communicates with a payment processing object to enable customers to make purchases using their credit cards. Here, the customer database and payment processing objects are linked together in an association—the customer database provides information about the customer while the payment processing object facilitates the transaction. By leveraging this type of association between objects, developers can create more powerful and efficient applications.
What is many to many Association in Java?
A student can have multiple teachers and a teacher can have multiple students in their classes. These associations are independently created or deleted, so this type of relationship is known as a many-to-many relationship. As an example, let’s take the case of an Association in Java. In this scenario, each student can be associated with multiple teachers and each teacher can work with multiple students. For example, a student might have a math teacher and a science teacher; similarly, the math teacher could also be teaching other students in different classes. This is an example of how many-to-many relationships work in Java.
What are the common Manual Testing Interview Questions for Freshers in 2024?
Manual Testing Interview Questions for Freshers Introduction For newcomers, diving into the world of manual testing can be both thrilling and difficult. It's important to educate yourself with frequent questions that evaluate your grasp of testing ideas and methodologies as you get ready for your maRead more
Manual Testing Interview Questions for Freshers
Introduction
For newcomers, diving into the world of manual testing can be both thrilling and difficult. It’s important to educate yourself with frequent questions that evaluate your grasp of testing ideas and methodologies as you get ready for your manual testing interview. To help you shine throughout the hiring process, we’ll go over some of the most important manual testing interview questions specifically designed for new hires in this article.
Recruiters are looking for evidence that you can handle the physical scrutiny of manual testing. In this answer, we will introduce you to the fundamental concepts of manual testing, the most frequently asked manual testing interview questions and answers, and some manual testing MCQs that will help impress recruiters in your interview. A wide range of skill levels is represented in the questions, so it’s suitable for both beginners and experts. The manual testing interview will be easier if you prepare and evaluate your answers beforehand.
Now let’s take a look at some frequently asked manual testing interview questions:
1. What is Manual Testing?
Manual testing, which is sometimes regarded as the cornerstone of quality assurance, entails the systematic, practical assessment of software programs to determine whether they adhere to predetermined standards. As a manual tester, you are responsible for carefully carrying out test cases without using automation tools. You will rely on your knowledge to find errors and make sure the program works as intended.
2. What is “use case testing”?
In order to identify and execute the functional requirement of an application from start to finish “use case” is used and the techniques used to do this is known as “Use Case Testing.”
3. What is white box testing and list the types of white box testing?
White box testing technique involves selection of test cases based on an analysis of the internal structure (Code coverage, branches coverage, paths coverage, condition coverage, etc.) of a component or system. It is also known as Code-Based testing or Structural testing. Different types of white box testing are
4. In white box testing, what do you verify?
In white box testing following steps are verified.
5. What is black box testing? What are the different black box testing techniques?
Black box testing is the software testing method which is used to test the software without knowing the internal structure of code or program. This testing is usually done to check the functionality of an application. The different black box testing techniques are
6. What is the difference between UAT (User Acceptance Testing) and System testing?
System Testing: System testing is finding defects when the system undergoes testing as a whole; it is also known as end-to-end testing. In such type of testing, the application suffers from beginning till the end.
UAT: User Acceptance Testing (UAT) involves running a product through a series of specific tests which determines whether the product will meet the needs of its users.
7. Mention the difference between Data Driven Testing and Retesting?
Retesting: It is a process of checking bugs that are actioned by the development team to verify that they are fixed.
Data Driven Testing (DDT): In data driven testing process, the application is tested with multiple test data. The application is tested with a different set of values.
8. What are the valuable steps to resolve issues while testing?
9. What is the difference between test scenarios, test cases, and test script?
Difference between test scenarios and test cases is that
Test Scenarios: A Test Scenario is any functionality that can be tested. It is also called Test Condition or Test Possibility.
Test Cases: It is a document that contains the steps that have to be executed; it has been planned earlier.
Test Script: It is written in a programming language and it’s a short program used to test part of the functionality of the software system. In other words a written set of steps that should be performed manually.
10. What is Latent defect?
Latent defect: This defect is an existing defect in the system which does not cause any failure as the exact set of conditions has never been met
11. What are the two parameters which can be useful to know the quality of test execution?
To know the quality of test execution, we can use two parameters
12. What is the function of the software testing tool “phantom”?
Phantom is a freeware and is used for windows GUI automation scripting language. It allows us to take control of windows and functions automatically. It can simulate any combination of keystrokes and mouse clicks as well as menus, lists and more.
13. Explain what Test Deliverables is?
Test Deliverables are a set of documents, tools and other components that have to be developed and maintained in support of testing.
There are different test deliverables at every phase of the software development lifecycle
14. What is mutation testing?
Mutation testing is a technique to identify if a set of test data or test case is useful by intentionally introducing various code changes (bugs) and retesting with original test data/ cases to determine if the bugs are detected.
15. What all things you should consider before selecting automation tools for the AUT?
16. How will you conduct Risk Analysis?
For the risk analysis following steps need to be implemented
17. What are the categories of debugging?
Categories for debugging
18. What are the benefits and drawbacks associated with manual testing?
Advantages of Manual Testing
Disadvantages of Manual Testing
19. Who is a manual tester? Write its roles and responsibilities.
The manual tester is a professional who conducts quality checks on software applications without using automation tools or scripting. In essence, the specialty involves manually checking software for errors and fixing them. Manual testers must have the appropriate skills and be able to meet the company’s requirements.
Manual Tester Roles and Responsibilities
20. Describe the manual testing process.
Among the steps involved in manual testing are:
Requirement analysis
21. Can you tell me what the different levels of manual testing are?
Different levels of testing can be carried out during the development process. Multilevel testing facilitates the identification of bugs early in the development process. The four levels of testing are as follows:
22. In order to perform manual testing, what skills are required?
The following are the important manual testing skills to acquire:
23. What is test coverage?
Test coverage is a metric that indicates how much of the source code is covered by the tests, allowing the tester to verify the quality of their testing. Testers can use it to determine whether they’re testing everything they’re supposed to. Depending on the way people approach testing, test coverage can mean different things to different people.
24.Name some methods that can be used in code coverage.
Code coverage is a software testing metric that measures how many blocks, lines, or arcs of code are executed when a test suite runs. Code coverage can be determined by several methods, including:
25.Name some attributes of the test case.
There are various attributes of test cases that make them more reliable, clear, and concise, avoiding any sort of redundancy. Some of them are given below:
Automation Status: Identifier for automation.
Conclusion
If freshers want to start a successful career in quality assurance, they must become proficient in answering manual testing interview questions. During interviews, showcasing your command of the principles of manual testing, the SDLC, test case design, and regression testing can help you stand out and lead to new chances in the software testing field.
See lessWhat is the functionality of the ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT command in SQL, and when would you typically employ it?
The ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT command in SQL is a powerful tool designed to provide more granular control over transactions. When a SAVEPOINT is set within a transaction using the SAVEPOINT command, the ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT command allows you to undo changes up to that specific point while preserving tRead more
The ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT command in SQL is a powerful tool designed to provide more granular control over transactions. When a SAVEPOINT is set within a transaction using the SAVEPOINT command, the ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT command allows you to undo changes up to that specific point while preserving the rest of the transaction. This feature is particularly useful in scenarios where an error occurs within a transaction, and you want to revert only to a certain stage without discarding the entire transaction.
Imagine a situation where a complex transaction involves multiple steps, and an error is detected midway. Instead of rolling back the entire transaction, which might include successfully completed steps, ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT enables you to revert to a designated checkpoint, correcting errors without losing the progress made.
In summary, the ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT command enhances transaction management in SQL, offering a more nuanced approach to error handling and ensuring data integrity within complex, multi-step operations.
See lessWhich operating system do you currently use as your primary desktop/laptop system?
I currently rely on Windows as my primary operating system for both desktop and laptop. Its user-friendly interface and widespread compatibility with various software make it my go-to choice. I appreciate the seamless integration it offers, enabling a smooth workflow for both personal and professionRead more
I currently rely on Windows as my primary operating system for both desktop and laptop. Its user-friendly interface and widespread compatibility with various software make it my go-to choice. I appreciate the seamless integration it offers, enabling a smooth workflow for both personal and professional tasks. Windows’ regular updates and robust security features add an extra layer of confidence in my digital experience.
While I’ve explored other systems, Windows consistently meets my diverse needs, from work applications to leisure activities. The familiarity and versatility it provides contribute significantly to my overall satisfaction and productivity.
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