I want to explore my knowledge in programming and there is a term in python that is OOPs. I want to ask what is oops concept in python ?
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I want to explore my knowledge in programming and there is a term in python that is OOPs. I want to ask what is oops concept in python ?
OOPs concepts in python
Introduction to Oops Concepts in Python
If you are looking for OOPs concepts in Python, then you are in the right blog. Here you will get to know all about OOPs and OOPs concepts in Python. So, In Python, object-oriented programming (OOPs) is a programming paradigm that uses objects and classes in programming. It aims to implement real-world entities like inheritance, polymorphisms, encapsulation, etc. in the programming. The main concept of OOPs is to bind the data and the functions that work on that together as a single unit so that no other part of the code can access this data.
Key OOPS Concepts in Python
OOPs
Class
Class is one of the oops concepts in Python, and let us understand what it means and how it works.
A class is a collection of objects. A class contains the blueprints or prototypes from which the objects are being created. It is a logical entity that contains some attributes and methods.
To understand the need for creating a class let’s consider an example, let’s say you wanted to track the number of dogs that may have different attributes like breed, age. If a list is used, the first element could be the dog’s breed while the second element could represent its age. Let’s suppose there are 100 different dogs, then how would you know which element is supposed to be which? What if you wanted to add other properties to these dogs? This lacks organization and it’s the exact need for classes.
Some points on Python class:
Class Definition Syntax:
class ClassName:
# Statement-1
.
.
.
# Statement-N
Example: Creating an empty Class in Python
# demonstrate defining
# a class
class Dog:
pass
In the above example, we have created a class named dog using the class keyword.
Objects
The object is an entity that has a state and behavior associated with it. It may be any real-world object like a mouse, keyboard, chair, table, pen, etc. Integers, strings, floating-point numbers, even arrays, and dictionaries, are all objects. More specifically, any single integer or any single string is an object. The number 12 is an object, the string “Hello, world” is an object, a list is an object that can hold other objects, and so on. You’ve been using objects all along and may not even realize it.
An object consists of :
To understand the state, behavior, and identity let us take the example of the class dog (explained above).
OOPS Concepts in Python Example: Creating an object
This will create an object named obj of the class Dog defined above. Before diving deep into objects and class let us understand some basic keywords that will we used while working with objects and classes.
The self
When we call a method of this object as myobject.method(arg1, arg2), this is automatically converted by Python into MyClass.method(myobject, arg1, arg2) – this is all the special self is about.
Note: For more information, refer to self in Python class
The __init__ method
The __init__ method is similar to constructors in C++ and Java. It is run as soon as an object of a class is instantiated. The method is useful to do any initialization you want to do with your object.
Now let us define a class and create some objects using the self and __init__ method.
Example 1: Creating a class and object with class and instance attributes
# class attribute
attr1 = “mammal”
# Instance attribute
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name
# Driver code
# Object instantiation
Rodger = Dog(“Rodger”)
Tommy = Dog(“Tommy”)
# Accessing class attributes
print(“Rodger is a {}”.format(Rodger.__class__.attr1))
print(“Tommy is also a {}”.format(Tommy.__class__.attr1))
# Accessing instance attributes
print(“My name is {}”.format(Rodger.name))
print(“My name is {}”.format(Tommy.name))
Output
Rodger is a mammal
Tommy is also a mammal
My name is Rodger
My name is Tommy
OOPS Concepts in Python Example 2: Creating Class and objects with methods
# class attribute
attr1 = “mammal”
# Instance attribute
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name
def speak(self):
print(“My name is {}”.format(self.name))
# Driver code
# Object instantiation
Rodger = Dog(“Rodger”)
Tommy = Dog(“Tommy”)
# Accessing class methods
Rodger.speak()
Tommy.speak()
Output
My name is Rodger
My name is Tommy
Note: For more information, refer Python Classes and Objects
Inheritance
Inheritance of OOPS concepts in Python is the capability of one class to derive or inherit the properties from another class. The class that derives properties is called the derived class or child class and the class from which the properties are being derived is called the base class or parent class. The benefits of inheritance are:
Types of Inheritance –
Single Inheritance:
Single-level inheritance enables a derived class to inherit characteristics from a single-parent class.
Multilevel Inheritance:
Multi-level inheritance enables a derived class to inherit properties from an immediate parent class which in turn inherits properties from his parent class.
Hierarchical Inheritance:
Hierarchical level inheritance enables more than one derived class to inherit properties from a parent class.
Multiple Inheritance:
Multiple level inheritance enables one derived class to inherit properties from more than one base class.
OOPS Concepts in Python Example: Inheritance in Python
# are called.
# parent class
class Person(object):
# __init__ is known as the constructor
def __init__(self, name, idnumber):
self.name = name
self.idnumber = idnumber
def display(self):
print(self.name)
print(self.idnumber)
def details(self):
print(“My name is {}”.format(self.name))
print(“IdNumber: {}”.format(self.idnumber))
# child class
class Employee(Person):
def __init__(self, name, idnumber, salary, post):
self.salary = salary
self.post = post
# invoking the __init__ of the parent class
Person.__init__(self, name, idnumber)
def details(self):
print(“My name is {}”.format(self.name))
print(“IdNumber: {}”.format(self.idnumber))
print(“Post: {}”.format(self.post))
# creation of an object variable or an instance
a = Employee(‘Rahul’, 886012, 200000, “Intern”)
# calling a function of the class Person using
# its instance
a.display()
a.details()
Output
Rahul
886012
My name is Rahul
IdNumber: 886012
Post: Intern
In the above article, we have created two classes i.e. Person (parent class) and Employee (Child Class). The Employee class inherits from the Person class. We can use the methods of the person class through employee class as seen in the display function in the above code. A child class can also modify the behavior of the parent class as seen through the details() method.
Note: For more information, refer to our Inheritance in Python tutorial.
Polymorphism in OOPS Concepts in Python
Polymorphism simply means having many forms. For example, we need to determine if the given species of birds fly or not, using polymorphism we can do this using a single function.
OOPS Concepts in Python Example: Polymorphism
Python3
def intro(self):
print(“There are many types of birds.”)
def flight(self):
print(“Most of the birds can fly but some cannot.”)
class sparrow(Bird):
def flight(self):
print(“Sparrows can fly.”)
class ostrich(Bird):
def flight(self):
print(“Ostriches cannot fly.”)
obj_bird = Bird()
obj_spr = sparrow()
obj_ost = ostrich()
obj_bird.intro()
obj_bird.flight()
obj_spr.intro()
obj_spr.flight()
obj_ost.intro()
obj_ost.flight()
Output
There are many types of birds.
Most of the birds can fly but some cannot.
There are many types of birds.
Sparrows can fly.
There are many types of birds.
Ostriches cannot fly.
Note: For more information, refer to our Polymorphism in Python Tutorial.
Encapsulation
Encapsulation is one of the fundamental concepts in object-oriented programming (OOP). It describes the idea of wrapping data and the methods that work on data within one unit. This puts restrictions on accessing variables and methods directly and can prevent the accidental modification of data. To prevent accidental changes, an object’s variable can only be changed by the object’s method. Those types of variables are known as private variables.
A class is an example of encapsulation as it encapsulates all the data that is member functions, variables, etc.
OOPS Concepts in Python Example: Encapsulation in Python
# demonstrate private members
# Creating a Base class
class Base:
def __init__(self):
self.a = “GeeksforGeeks”
self.__c = “GeeksforGeeks”
# Creating a derived class
class Derived(Base):
def __init__(self):
# Calling constructor of
# Base class
Base.__init__(self)
print(“Calling private member of base class: “)
print(self.__c)
# Driver code
obj1 = Base()
print(obj1.a)
# Uncommenting print(obj1.c) will
# raise an AttributeError
# Uncommenting obj2 = Derived() will
# also raise an AtrributeError as
# private member of base class
# is called inside derived class
Output
GeeksforGeeks
In the above example, we have created the c variable as the private attribute. We cannot even access this attribute directly and can’t even change its value.
Note: For more information, refer to our Encapsulation in Python Tutorial.
Data Abstraction
It hides the unnecessary code details from the user. Also, when we do not want to give out sensitive parts of our code implementation, this is where data abstraction comes in.
Data Abstraction in Python can be achieved by creating abstract classes. When using OOPs concepts in Python, it is important to understand the principles of abstraction in order to write simple and brief code.
Understanding oops concepts in python is important for developing fast and reliable programs.
Conclusion
In conclusion, implementing the “OOPs concepts in Python” is a must for developers looking to create scalable and efficient applications. By incorporating fundamental elements like as encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism into the “OOPs concepts in Python,” code becomes modular and reusable, showing an organized approach. Understanding of these concepts helps developers to design adaptable programs that prioritize safety and quick problem-solving within the framework of the “OOPs concepts in Python.”
We hope you understand all oops concepts in python. And will help you in future.